Aggression and Fear Behavior In Dogs and Cats

Aggressive dogs can be a hazard to humans and pets.

The following essay is based upon thirty years of personal experiences working with dogs, cats and their caretakers. It is not intended to be a scholarly dissertation of psychological, sociological, or ethical foundations for behavioral modification. The views expressed here are my opinions... you may have a different opinion based upon YOUR life experiences. You are welcome to and I will respect your opinion about this very difficult and emotionally charged topic. While reading this essay please keep in mind that EVERY case of fear/aggression in dogs and cats is unique. No two animals or situations are exactly alike. Nevertheless certain predictable patterns are recognizable, and good judgment based upon informed and thoughtful introspection will lead you to your own best answers. T. J. Dunn, Jr. DVM

Be careful!

    Aggressive behavior in dogs and cats can, unfortunately, be a source of conflict for humans. A certain percentage of dogs cats will display aggressive behavior toward their owners/caretakers or other humans. In the feline the aggressive mode may come upon the cat for unknown reasons. The cat will seem to be in a play mode, then the playing turns to more serious stalking, with ears held back and back arched, and often they will growl softly. You can see the fear/anger in their eyes. Or the behavior starts out while the cat is being gently stroked by the owner and the cat begins to become annoyed, then more defensive, then outright aggressive to the innocent owner.
    In the canine the fear and aggression occasionally seems to "come on out of the blue" but more often is triggered by getting into the dog's "space" or protective territory. This unsocial behavior, while it may be "normal" if the dog or cat were interacting with another dog or cat to defend territory or signal "leave me alone", can be dangerous to people. Cats in this fear/aggression mode will bite and scratch...sometimes really terrorizing the owners. And dogs, with eyes glazed, teeth bared and with fearful barking and growling, will back owners into a corner or up onto a kitchen counter! In dogs this is often referred to as RAGE SYNDROME and can be a very shocking event for the owner (and I suspect, for the dog as well).
    The only way I know to defuse the aggression is to leave the pet's area, just get out of eyesight. Trying to calm the dog or cat, or restraining and disciplining it will simply make the dog or cat even more fearful and aggressive. What is the cause of this aggressive/anger state? It probably stems from very early personality/behavioral development experiences in the pet's life. Events such as deliberate abuse, accidental trauma from objects falling on the pet, scary stimuli such as thunder and lightning, or other animals frightening the puppy or kitty may make a permanent impression on it regarding the world around it. More aggressive littermates can have detrimental effects, too. The critical age range that these events permanently make their impressions generally is from about four to twelve weeks of age; whatever is programmed into the brain's "personality structure" during that time span will then be set for life.
    Safe! Thanks to the fence.

As we all know, there are humans with personality disorders...and outright sociopaths who are a danger to others...and so it is in the dog and cat world. And as difficult as it is to "pacify" the behavior of maladjusted humans who have the benefit of counseling, therapy and medications, and the love and sympathy of family and friends, much more so is the difficulty in modifying the behavior of dogs and cats who pose a threat to their caretakers. Lets face it, these dogs and cats cannot help being who they are; their impressions of the world have been shaped by events not of their choosing. (Can we say the same for human behavior?) Nevertheless when living and closely interacting with humans (and innocent children) daily, any behavior that endangers human health and safety is unacceptable.
    My experience during thirty years of working with dogs and cats has taught me that many well intentioned people, certain that their gentle and loving ways will modify the behavior of the fearful/aggressive dog or cat, have learned a hard lesson in animal behavior. Often the "saviors" of these animals have been injured and even psychologically harmed when they learn that all their love and understanding will not correct the aggressive animal's behavior.
    I am not saying that all cats and dogs with fear/aggression are lost causes; I am saying that a great percentage of them will continue to be a danger to human health and safety no matter who or what attempts to modify the behavior.
    So...what is an owner to do? Consult with your DVM, breeders, and animal shelter personnel about your particular dog or cat, maybe even spend a little money on consultation with a professional animal behaviorist about your pet. If you choose to keep the pet and attempt behavior modification, be prepared for the experience to dominate your entire home life. Every family member will have to contribute to the plan of action and it will be a 24 hour-a-day experience; that dog or cat will be the focal point of your thoughts and activities. Are you willing to do that? Should you do that? I have witnessed many sincere and vigorous attempts to modify fear/aggression in dogs and cats that have left the animal's caretakers frustrated, demoralized and injured in their failed attempts to pacify the pet.
    At the heart of the problem is the fact that the animal CAN'T HELP being who it is! It can't reason that the owners do not represent a threat or that the stimulus triggering the fear/aggression is not a real danger ...it simply acts and responds as ordered to by a brain that was imprinted with certain directions that the animal will never be able to modify.

January, 1998
More than four-million Americans are bitten by dogs each year, with more than 750,000 requiring medical attention, says an article in this week's issue of The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Every day, dog bites send 914 people to the emergency room. According to Harold B. Weiss, M.S., M.P.H., and colleagues, the estimated 50 million domesticated dogs in the U.S. still retain many of their wild instincts. It is these instincts that all too often lead to human attacks.

Dr. Weiss studied data from the National Center for Health Statistics National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for 1992-1994 and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. He found that each year dog bites are responsible for: Nearly 4.5 million injuries and 20 deaths!
Nearly 334,000 visits to hospital emergency departments
More than 21,000 visits to medical offices and clinics
About 3.73 million injuries that aren't treated medically. They also found that males were more likely than females to be bitten by dogs and that children had the highest rate of emergency room visits for dog bites. Young children were more likely than adults to be bitten in the head, neck and face area.

Many, many times I have been a part of counseling owners about this fear/aggression problem. If we can rule out and are certain that the animal does not have anything physically wrong that may be triggering pain or discomfort, such as bladder stones, gastrointestinal foreign bodies, tumors or infections, and we are certain that the behavior is personality based, the choice may be to euthanize the unfortunate pet. Even if the pet is "OK most of the time" and only a threat two per cent of the time...is that an acceptable risk for the family to take? If the cat only scratches someone's eye occasionally or only bites severely once in a while, is that acceptable? If the dog only attacks "certain" people or gets frightened only by small children necessitating the continuous separation of small children from the dog...is that an acceptable risk to have living in your home all the time?
    Regrettably, I have seen far too many empathetic and sincerely-intentioned pet owners make excuses for their dog or cat's harmful behavior. I have seen children scarred from dog bites that have occurred well after the dog has bitten the child or others in the past. Some pet owners really go too far in excusing the dangerous behavior of their dog or cat, blaming everything but the dog or cat, and these owners fail to see the improper and dangerous priorities they have set. In the case of a dog or cat being a real threat to human safety, you must set aside emotional attachment and look at the situation objectively. You must ask "No matter how much I love this animal, is it a danger to human health? Am I, as the caretaker and person responsible for this animal, willing to gamble that it won't ever tear out someone's eye, bite off someone's nose, scar someone's face...or even worse?" YOU be the judge...and then YOU live with the consequences of your choices.
    I have had entire families come with their pet to my animal hospital where everyone is crying and completely emotionally drained by the absolute necessity of euthanizing their pet simply because the dog or cat has demonstrated itself to be a danger to them and others. NOBODY wins in these situations...not the family members, not the pet, not the veterinarian. Simply put, the animal cannot help being who it is. Unfortunately, who it is can be a danger to human health. It's a NO WIN situation for all involved.
    And to give away a pet with fear/aggression personality traits to someone else is NOT a solution. The innate tendencies of the animal evolved from genetic predispositions and early brain/sensory inputs. YOU can't help that and neither can the dog or cat.

Below is an email I received from a saddened dog owner who went the extra mile in trying to solve a fear/aggression problem in an adopted dog. This case had an unfortunate conclusion for the dog... however, the family's decision to euthanize the dog most certainly avoided what was certain, inevitable injury to a family member or neighbor. My personal feeling is that when faced with certain harm to a human or euthanasia for a pet... the human health and safety considerations take precedence. It is a "no win" situation for the family and the dog; but living in constant fear of injury from an unprovoked and unpredictable attack by an animal truly diminishes anyone's quality of life.

QUESTION:
Dear Dr. Dunn,
Our family recently went through a horrible experience with a Siberian Husky that we purchased. The long and short of it is when the puppy was 7 months old she attacked me unprovoked. We took her to the vet to have her checked... physically she was ok and the veterinarian recommended a behavior specialist. We paid a lot of money for her services, which were very professional, and I believe she tried as hard as we did with the dog. We had the puppy spayed and 4 days later the dog went completely crazy, attacking me, my son, and husband over a few hour span. We got her calmed down and took her to the vet. They recommended euthanasia for her and we had to agree. Over two months she "attacked" us four times, not to mention all the growling etc. episodes. I just saw your article about this Aggressive Behavior. I felt like you wrote it for ME!!! I have a question though. I guess am still suffering from guilt and missing her. The vet said that expensive brain scans and tests really wouldn't be worth it since in such a young dog of 10 months of age it would be highly improbable that structural changes would show up. Being distraught at the time and knowing the outcome wouldn't change what we needed to do, we agreed not to test the brain. What are the congenital or inherited traits and could they be definitely diagnosed in a puppy that young? I appreciate your help. Great website. Thank you, Mary Ann B.

REPLY:
Hello MaryAnn,
You and your family surely went farther than most in trying to understand and correct the dog's behavioral problems. Your question regarding having the brain checked is understandable, too, but I would concur with your veterinarian that the chances that the dog's behavior would have physical signs detectable via autopsy, MRI or CT Scan are almost zero.
Some dogs, and humans, too, simply have inappropriate reactions to their environment. Think of it as schizophrenia in humans where no amount of counseling or "understanding compassion" will change what the patient perceives as reality. Your dog was acting in a manner that the dog thought was appropriate for a perceived threat... even though no threat existed; to the dog there was a real threat and an equally real and dangerous response. Don't fight or try to deny the sadness and dismay at the final outcome... it is perfectly natural to feel how you are feeling. But take pride that you were strong enough to make the only decision that a rational human can make in the light of the potential serious and permanent harm the dog could have caused. The fact is that in these situations human welfare must take priority over the dog's when there are no more options.

You might like to read an article in ThePetCenter.com... A LETTER FROM ANNIE.
Best wishes,
and take solace in the fact that you have averted an eventual tragic injury that certainly would have occurred.
Dr. Dunn